Pihlstens Invincible Ice (pes)

It tells how likely it is that a puppy inherited two identical copies of a gene from a common ancestor because its parents are related. It is calculated from the pedigree.

Roughly: cousins give a puppy 6.25 %, half-siblings 12.5 %, siblings or parent and offspring 25 %.

Why it matters: the higher the value, the greater the chance that recessive hereditary diseases appear and vitality drops. When choosing a stud dog, a lower number is usually better.

Pozor: the result is only as accurate as the pedigree is complete. 0 % does not mean surely unrelated, only that no common ancestor was found among known ancestors.